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Halo (religious iconography)
A halo (from Greek , ''halōs'';〔 .〕 also known as a nimbus, aureole, glory, or gloriole) is a ring of light that surrounds a person in art. They have been used in the iconography of many religions to indicate holy or sacred figures, and have at various periods also been used in images of rulers or heroes. In the sacred art of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and Christianity, among other religions, sacred persons may be depicted with a halo in the form of a circular glow, or in Asian art flames, around the head, or around the whole body, this last often called a mandorla. Halos may be shown as almost any colour, but as they represent light are most often depicted as golden, yellow, white, or red when flames are depicted.
==Ancient Greek world==
Homer describes a more-than-natural light around the heads of heroes in battle.〔''Iliad'' v.4ff, xviii.203ff.〕 Depictions of Perseus in the act of slaying Medusa, with lines radiating from his head, appear on a white-ground toiletry box in the Louvre and on a slightly later red-figured vase in the style of Polygnotos, ca. 450-30 BC, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.〔Marjorie J. Milne, "(Perseus and Medusa on an Attic Vase )" ''The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin'' New Series, 4.5 (January 1946, pp. 126-130) 126.p.) 〕 On painted wares from south Italy radiant lines or simple haloes appear on a range of mythic figures: Lyssa, a personification of madness; a sphinx; a sea demon; and Thetis, the sea-nymph who was mother to Achilles.〔L. Stephani, ''Nimbus und Strahlenkranz in den Werken der Alten Kunst" in ''Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg'', series vi, vol. vol ix, noted in Milne 1946:130.〕 The Colossus of Rhodes was a statue of the sun-god Helios and had his usual radiate crown (copied for the Statue of Liberty). Hellenistic rulers are often shown wearing radiate crowns that seem clearly to imitate this effect.
Further afield, Sumerian religious literature frequently speaks of ''melam'' (loaned into Akkadian as ''melammu''), a "brilliant, visible glamour which is exuded by gods, heroes, sometimes by kings, and also by temples of great holiness and by gods' symbols and emblems."〔J. Black and A. Green, ''Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotmia'' (Austin, 1992) p. 130.〕
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